As societies abandon fossil fuels in favor of renewable energy, electric cars and other low-carbon technologies, environmental pressures shift from atmospheric carbon loading to adverse impacts of material extraction and waste flows, new infrastructure development, land use change, and the provision of new types of goods and services. We call for interdisciplinary modeling to investigate this major change in environmental and social burdens and identify systemic demand-led mitigation strategies that explicitly consider planetary boundaries associated with the earth’s material resources.
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